The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1937) by rhetorician I. The English word metaphor derives from the 16th-century Old French word métaphore, which comes from the Latin metaphora, "carrying over", and in turn from the Greek μεταφορά ( metaphorá), "transference (of ownership)", from μεταφέρω ( metapherō), "to carry over", "to transfer" and that from μετά ( meta), "behind", "along with", "across" + φέρω ( pherō), "to bear", "to carry".
In contrast, in the ancient Hebrew psalms (around 1000 B.C.), one finds already vivid and poetic examples of metaphor such as, "The Lord is my rock, my fortress and my deliverer my God is my rock, in whom I take refuge, my shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold” and “The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want.” At the other extreme, some recent linguistic theories view all language in essence as metaphorical. By asserting that the world is a stage, Shakespeare uses points of comparison between the world and a stage to convey an understanding about the mechanics of the world and the behavior of the people within it.Īccording to the linguist Anatoly Liberman, "the use of metaphors is relatively late in the modern European languages it is, in principle, a post-Renaissance phenomenon". This quotation expresses a metaphor because the world is not literally a stage, and most humans are not literally actors and actresses playing roles.
William Shakespeare, As You Like It, 2/7 They have their exits and their entrancesĪnd one man in his time plays many parts, And all the men and women merely players
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